Firefighters are trained to recognize the signs that flashover is about to occur: dense black smoke with tightly packed curls (“black fire”); dense, black smoke that pushes out of a doorway or window opening; smoke that has accumulated as low as a doorknob, with the fire seen below.
Rollover occurs when ignited fire gases, or incompletely burned fuels, rise to the ceiling, and spread out horizontally. Then smoke appears to suddenly start burning. If nothing is done to ventilate the room or cool the air, this condition leads to flashover.
Rollover: The condition in which unburned fuel (pyrolysate) from the originating fire has accumulated in the ceiling layer to a sufficient concentration (i.e., at or above the lower flammable limit) that it ignites and burns. Rollover can occur without ignition of or prior to the ignition of other fuels separate from the origin.
Backdraft is an explosion that occurs when oxygen is introduced into a room full of hot gases.
爆燃是一種爆炸現象,當氧氣被引入充滿高溫可燃性氣體的房間時會發生
A fire burning in a confined area consumes all the oxygen.
密閉空間中所有氧氣消耗完畢時會發生的一種燃燒形式
Visible flames disappear. Solid fuels smolder, and hot flammable gases accumulate and fill the room.
明顯可見的火焰消失,固體可燃物悶燒、高溫可燃性氣體蓄積並充滿整間房間
The temperature increases, the gases expand, and pressure builds, pulsing against doors and windows. From outside, the building may look like it is breathing or throbbing.
溫度上升、可燃性氣體擴散、壓力蓄積,使門窗震動。從外部觀察,建築物看起來會像在呼吸或搏動
If an opening is made to admit oxygen, the hot vaporized fuel bursts into flames, and the pressurized gases explode through the opening, resulting in a rolling fireball.
Rapid Fire Development: A transient phase in fire behaviour accompanied by a rapid increase in heat release rate of the fire & temperature in the environment, sometimes accompanied by the generation of over‐pressure.
These RFDs are subdivided into two main categories of phenomena: flashover and smoke ignition. Smoke ignition is then further subdivided into three separate developments: smoke explosion; backdraft; and flash fire (propagating flame fronts including rollovers) as shown in Figure 1.
Smoke Ignition: The ignition of the products of pyrolysis and incomplete combustion interior or exterior to the fire compartment due to the accumulated smoke layer falling within its flammability range and either auto-igniting or igniting due to an ignition source.
Flash fires, where a flame moves through a flammable mixture with considerable speed, but does not develop a significant over-pressure.
閃火:火焰快速地移動、通過可燃性氣體混合物,但不產生明顯的超壓
Smoke Explosion: A rapid fire development that occurs when a smoke-air mixture falls within its flammable range, either external or internal to the room of origin and is ignited, resulting in a significant pressure front.
Two manifestations of flame propagation that fall into this category:
火焰傳播的方式分為兩種形式:Flash Fire和Rollover:
Flash fires, where a flame moves through a flammable mixture with considerable speed, but does not develop a significant over-pressure.
閃火:火焰快速地移動、通過可燃性氣體混合物,但不產生明顯的超壓
Rollovers, where a flame front or pockets of smoke-air mixture ignite and move slowly through a mixture. Rollovers are also considered as an early and important indication of impending flashover
請問
閃燃與爆燃會固定發生在火災的哪一個時期嗎?看到網路上有人摘錄如下:
1993年,紐約市消防局副局長Dunn 指出:閃燃與爆燃之不同點可明顯分析出下列三項﹔1‵爆燃進行中,並隨暴風與衝擊波之現象,而閃燃進行中僅有可燃性氣體急激著火 之現象。2‵閃燃發生在火災成長期,而爆燃發在火災衰退期,二者之火勢階段迥異。3‵爆燃之發生是因足夠氧氣供給所觸動引發的, 而閃燃之發生是因足夠熱量所引發,二者發生機制不同。
後來Dunn 又於2002年進一步重新提出:1‵在建築物火災,爆燃發生頻率較少,閃燃則較常發生。2‵爆燃是一種帶有衝擊波之爆炸性現象﹔ 而閃燃則是一種火勢快速發展現象。3‵爆燃觸動發生原因是空氣,但閃燃並非空氣,而是熱。4‵火勢發展階段中,爆燃是可能發生在 成長期或衰退期(你們覺得應該是甚麼期,或說哪一期的發生機率較高),而閃燃僅可能發生在成長期。
應該不是說會「固定」發生在哪個時期,而是閃燃大多發生在成長期、爆燃可能發生在成長期或衰退期
其實更重要的是這兩個現象的發生條件和過程,火場的狀況很複雜且多變,只要符合條件都有可能會發生閃燃或爆燃,只是發生機率的高低而已
想問「爆燃」與「爆轟」差別?
首先你得先確定你說的「爆燃」指的是什麼?在陳弘毅火災學中,他將Deflagration翻譯成爆燃、Detonation翻譯成爆轟、Backdraft翻譯成複燃。但實務上「爆燃」一般都是指Backdraft才對。
如果你想問的是Deflagration和Detonation的差別,他們最大的不同就是「火焰傳播的速度」。低於音速的是Deflagration、超過音速的是Detonation。
我在【火災學飆分攻略】單元12-1中有更詳細的介紹,有時間的話可以再回去看一下。
請問爆轟對引火的影響
因為有查到考古題
影響引火之因素
答案有包含爆轟
但沒說明原因
那個題目應該是出自於陳弘毅火災學,書裡第七章第四節有提到影響引火的因素:引火點、燃燒界限、爆轟、著火能量、蒸發熱、沸點、突沸、熔點、斷熱變化。而在爆轟的段落中有提到「若混合氣體在爆轟範圍,則不但引火容易,且將產生爆轟」
我自己是認為陳弘毅火災學的這個段落時寫得有點問題,有些因素跟引火似乎沒有太大的直接影響,所以這部分可以參考一下就好